Sheikh Arsyad further explained that Tawhid al-Af’al (the oneness of actions) is the level of awam, Tawhid al-Sifat (the oneness of attributes) is the level of khawash, and Tawhid al-Zat (the oneness of essence) is the level of khawash al-khawash.
For those who cannot attain these levels, Sheikh Arsyad referred to them simply as makhluk (creatures). He elaborated that the connection between human actions and themselves is one of Nisbah Kasabiyah (the attribution of effort), while their relationship with God is one of Nisbah Khaliqiyah (the attribution of creation).
In conclusion, Sheikh Arsyad believed that God is the creator, and humans are merely agents of effort. To summarize his thoughts on humanity: First, the perfect human is one who reaches the station of khawash al-khawash. Second, those who still seek rewards for their deeds are the awam. Lastly, knowledge of both Sharia and reality is essential in fostering a close relationship between God and humanity.
References:
– Azyumardi Azra, Pendidikan Islam, Tradisi, dan Modernisasi Menuju Milienium Baru, Logos, Jakarta, 1999.
– Harun Nasution, Filsafat Agama, Bulan Bintang, 1985.
– Harun Nasution, Filsafat dan Mistisme, Bulan Bintang, Jakarta, 1978.
– Bayani Dahlan, Pemikiran Sufistik Syekh Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari, Pustaka Ulama, Yogyakarta, 2015.