Scope of Philosophy
Philosophy is a process of thinking radically, systematically, and universally about everything that exists or could exist. It encompasses all aspects comprehensively and universally. The study of philosophy knows no bounds, covering every major element and intricate detail that leads to true truths.
Due to its expansive scope, philosophy is considered the foundation of all fields of knowledge. In other words, philosophical truths, based on scientific logic, can be substantiated. Philosophical thinking involves using reason to discover the essence of truth, which is logical and scientifically factual—every material’s logic should be scientifically analysed to find the mass type and material content, to get the benefit of life.
Philosophy covers the universe. It also addresses the manifestation of nature to the existence of God. Thus, the essence of truth becomes a fundamental study in all aspects of its investigation. Philosophy’s concept is that truth must be scientifically understood and logicalized.
Philosophical Dialectics
Imam Nawawi and Ibn Sholah explicitly stated that studying philosophy and logic (the science of logic) was religiously forbidden. As mentioned earlier, this prohibition was associated with the condition of those studying philosophy.
Meanwhile, Imam Ghazali’s stance on the legal aspects of studying philosophy is more moderate. He said that studying philosophy is permissible as long as the students have a strong foundation of faith, as well as a good understanding of the Quran and Hadith. Deep religious understanding is essential to avoid falling into liberalism.
Adz-Dzahabi ra said, “There are hardly any people who delve into philosophy but their ijtihad will lead them to opinions that contradict the purity of the Sunnah. Therefore, the salaf scholars criticize the study of ancient knowledge because philosophy emerged from philosophers who were secular in thinking. Whoever, with his intelligence, wishes to compromise between the knowledge of the Prophets and the knowledge of the philosophers, will surely contradict the Prophets and also oppose the philosophers.” (Mizaanul I’tidaal 3/144).
This paragraph excerpt serves as a justification for some to prohibit the study of philosophy. However, according to many references, studying philosophy can provide clear guidance and direction. Using logic, a standard approach in philosophical studies, is essential in all fields.
Respect must be given to those who deem philosophy forbidden, as they are entitled to their opinions. However, it should be understood that all religious laws (Islam) are contextual and must be logically comprehended. This ensures the continuity of the thread of truth, without asserting personal opinions as eternal and true.
Azis Anwar Fachrudin, a researcher at the Centre for Religious and Crosscultural Studies (CRCS) at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, clarified this viewpoint. His explanation on Facebook on July 27, 2020, explained that studying philosophy is not only permissible but also a duty. Learning philosophy means seeking genuine truth, and the essence of truth can be discovered through philosophical inquiry. The memoir above is a process of discovering real truths.