Other instances of resistance are documented during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as part of anti-colonial uprisings. One of the largest uprisings against Dutch rule occurred in Banten (West Java) in 1888, with the Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah Sufi orders indirectly involved. Another major uprising, triggered by new tobacco taxes, took place in West Sumatra in 1908. This time, the Syattariyah Sufi order, which had a longstanding influence in the region, played a role in various resistance efforts.
These movements, involving Sufi orders, spanned over a century, from the early 19th century to the early 20th century. Some of them aimed to oppose colonial rule, while others protested specific government regulations or responded to deteriorating economic conditions and oppression within society. Notably, the fierce battles led by Prince Diponegoro also feature in this narrative.
The struggles of Sufis necessitate a commitment to their ideologies. Those who engage in these struggles must align with their respective ideologies. Failure to do so may discourage involvement in the fight against oppression. The success of these struggles depends on the strength of their adherence to the noble ideological values they advocate.
In his lectures, Nur Samad Kamba explains that Sufis participate in every struggle against oppression within society but refrain from taking strategic positions within a state. These positions are entrusted to individuals who are qualified and ideologically aligned. Those who are truly conscious of the shared values and ideals being pursued.
In many accounts, it is described how Sufis, in their fight against colonialism, employed ‘karomah’ (spiritual charisma). Karomah is defined by Nur Samad Kamba as a spiritual force that provides inspiration capable of awakening revolutionary spirits among its followers.
Aside from Indonesia, another example of Sufis resisting oppression, as explained by Nur Samad Kamba, can be found in Egypt. At that time, followers of the Syadziliyah Sufi order fought against colonialism, particularly the forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte. These Sufi followers tied themselves to the seashore to prevent escape from the cannon fire of Napoleon Bonaparte’s forces.
This serves as an example of how Sufi-led followers, in their fight against oppression, draw from a high ideological consciousness, enabling them to stand resolutely even in the face of enemy cannons fired from all directions.